<\/p>\n
enum<\/span> memory_order{\r\n memory_order_relaxed,\r\n memory_order_consume,\r\n memory_order_acquire,\r\n memory_order_release,\r\n memory_order_acq_rel,\r\n memory_order_seq_cst\r\n}\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n <\/p>\n
It helps to answer two questions to get a system into the six memory models.<\/p>\n
\n- For which type of atomic operations should you use the memory model?<\/li>\n
- Which synchronization and ordering constraints are defined by the memory model?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
The rest of this post is about answering these questions. So what are the types of atomic operations?<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Types of atomic operations<\/h3>\n
The memory model deals with reading and\/or writing atomic operations.<\/p>\n
\n- read operation: <\/strong>memory_order_acquire<\/span> and memory_order_consume<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n
- write operation: <\/strong>memory_order_release <\/span><\/span><\/li>\n
- read-modify-write operation: <\/strong>memory_order_acq_rel<\/span> and memory_order_seq_cs<\/span>t <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
memory_order_relaxed<\/span> defines no synchronisation and ordering constraints. So it will not fit in this taxonomy.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n
The table orders the atomic operations based on their reading and\/or writing characteristics.<\/p>\n
![\"atomicOperationsReadWriteEng\"](\"https:\/\/www.modernescpp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/atomicOperationsReadWriteEng.png\")
<\/p>\n
If you use an atomic operation atomVar.load(5) with a memory model designed for a write or read-modify-write operation, the writing part has no effect. So an atomVar.load(5,std, std::memory_order_acq_rel)<\/span> is equivalent to an atomVar.load(5,std::memory_order_acquire)<\/span>, an atomVar.load(5, std::memory_order_release)<\/span> is equivalent to an atomVar.load(5, std::memory_order_relaxed)<\/span>.<\/p>\nThe different synchronization and ordering constraints<\/h3>\n
There are three different types of synchronization and ordering constraints in C++11: <\/p>\n
\n- Sequential consistency<\/strong>: memory_order_seq_cst <\/span><\/li>\n
- Acquire-release<\/strong>: memory_order_consume, memory_order_acquire, memory_order_release and<\/span> memory_order_acq_rel<\/span><\/li>\n
- Relaxed<\/strong>: memory_order_relaxed<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
While the sequential consistency establishes a global order between threads, the acquire-release semantic establishes an ordering between reading and write operations on the same atomic variable on different threads. The relaxed semantic only guarantees that operations on the same atomic data type in the same thread can not be reordered. That guarantee is called modification order consistency.<\/a> But other threads can see this operation in a different order.<\/p>\nWhat’s next?<\/h2>\n
Admit, that was a short post. But I will stick to my idea of discussing only one topic in one post.<\/p>\n
Especially the levels of the different memory models and their effects on atomic and non-atomic operations make the C++ memory model a thrilling but also challenging topic. In the next post, I will discuss sequential consistency’s synchronization and ordering constraints, the acquire-release semantic, and the relaxed semantic. I will do it in theory and practice. The following post <\/a>with be about the application of sequential consistency. The base is laid out in the post sequential consistency.<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n
<\/p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
In this post, our tour through the c++ memory model goes one step deeper. Until now, the posts were only about the atomicity of the atomic data types, but now we deal with the synchronization and ordering constraints of the operations.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":4798,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[368],"tags":[505,434,523,504,519],"class_list":["post-4799","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-multithreading-memory-model","tag-acquire-release-semantic","tag-atomics","tag-memory_order_consume","tag-relaxed-semantics","tag-sequential-consistency"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.modernescpp.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4799","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.modernescpp.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.modernescpp.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.modernescpp.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.modernescpp.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4799"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.modernescpp.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4799\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6968,"href":"https:\/\/www.modernescpp.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4799\/revisions\/6968"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.modernescpp.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4798"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.modernescpp.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4799"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.modernescpp.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4799"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.modernescpp.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4799"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}